India, with its rapidly growing population and urbanization, faces significant waste management challenges. The country generates approximately 62 million tons of municipal solid waste annually, of which only 75-80% is collected, and 22-28% is treated. The rest is dumped in landfills or open spaces, leading to environmental pollution and public health risks.
Organic waste constitutes a significant portion of India’s municipal solid waste, making composting and biodegradation particularly relevant. However, the lack of infrastructure and public awareness hinders the widespread adoption of these methods. The Swachh Bharat Mission, launched in 2014, has made significant strides in improving waste collection and sanitation, but challenges remain in achieving sustainable waste management.
Recycling in India is largely driven by the informal sector, which plays a crucial role in collecting and processing recyclable materials. However, informal recyclers often work in unsafe conditions and lack access to technology and financial resources. Formalizing and integrating the informal sector into the waste management system is essential for improving recycling rates and ensuring the well-being of recyclers.
India has also made progress in promoting extended producer responsibility (EPR), which holds manufacturers accountable for the end-of-life management of their products. The Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, and the E-Waste Management Rules, 2016, are examples of policies that encourage producers to adopt sustainable practices and invest in recycling infrastructure.